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SHARK MITIGATION SCIENCE
Accessible Research, Safer Waters
Mitigation measure check list
Would you like to know if a particular product has been tested? See the lists below to find out. If you do not see the product here, it probably has not been scientifically tested and published.
If you know of a publication that is not included on this website but should be, please contact us here.
Types of personal mitigation studied
Mitigation name | Year published | Reference |
|---|---|---|
Counterillumination | 2024 | Ryan, L.A., Gennari, E., Slip, D.J., Collin, S.P., Peddemors, V.M., Huveneers, C., Chapuis, L., Hemmi, J.M. and Hart, N.S., 2024. Counterillumination reduces bites by Great White sharks. Current Biology. |
Freedom+ Surf | 2024 | Clarke, T.M., Barnett, A., Fitzpatrick, R., Ryan, L.A., Hart, N.S., Gauthier, A.R., Scott-Holland, T.B. and Huveneers, C., 2024. Personal electric deterrents can reduce shark bites from the three species responsible for the most fatal interactions. Scientific Reports, 14(1), p.16307. |
Freedom7 | 2024 | Clarke, T.M., Barnett, A., Fitzpatrick, R., Ryan, L.A., Hart, N.S., Gauthier, A.R., Scott-Holland, T.B. and Huveneers, C., 2024. Personal electric deterrents can reduce shark bites from the three species responsible for the most fatal interactions. Scientific Reports, 14(1), p.16307. |
Rpela V2 | 2021 | Blount, C., Pygas, D., Lincoln Smith, M.P., McPhee, D.P., Bignell, C. and Ramsey, O., 2021. Effectiveness Against White Sharks of the Rpela Personal Shark Deterrent Device Designed for Surfers.�Journal of Marine Science and Technology,�29(4), p.13. |
Eye contact | 2021 | Ritter, E.K. and Amin, R., 2021. Does the interruption of eye contact between humans and Caribbean reef sharks, Carcharhinus perezi, influence the sharks� approach patterns?.�Journal of Ecotourism,�20(3), pp.270-281. |
Freedom+ Surf | 2020 | Gauthier, A.R.G., Chateauminois, E., Hoarau, M.G., Gadenne, J., Hoarau, E., Jaquemet, S., Whitmarsh, S.K. and Huveneers, C., 2020. Variable response to electric shark deterrents in bull sharks, Carcharhinus leucas.�Scientific reports,�10(1), pp.1-13. |
Scuba 7 | 2020 | Thiele, M., Mourier, J., Papastamatiou, Y., Ballesta, L., Chateauminois, E. and Huveneers, C., 2020. Response of blacktip reef sharks Carcharhinus melanopterus to shark bite mitigation products.�Scientific reports,�10(1), pp.1-12. |
NoShark | 2020 | Gauthier, A.R.G., Chateauminois, E., Hoarau, M.G., Gadenne, J., Hoarau, E., Jaquemet, S., Whitmarsh, S.K. and Huveneers, C., 2020. Variable response to electric shark deterrents in bull sharks, Carcharhinus leucas.�Scientific reports,�10(1), pp.1-13. |
Freedom+ Surf shortboard | 2020 | Gauthier, A.R.G., Chateauminois, E., Hoarau, M.G., Gadenne, J., Hoarau, E., Jaquemet, S., Whitmarsh, S.K. and Huveneers, C., 2020. Variable response to electric shark deterrents in bull sharks, Carcharhinus leucas.�Scientific reports,�10(1), pp.1-13. |
Rpela V2 | 2020 | Gauthier, A.R.G., Chateauminois, E., Hoarau, M.G., Gadenne, J., Hoarau, E., Jaquemet, S., Whitmarsh, S.K. and Huveneers, C., 2020. Variable response to electric shark deterrents in bull sharks, Carcharhinus leucas.�Scientific reports,�10(1), pp.1-13. |
E-Shark Force | 2020 | Gauthier, A.R.G., Chateauminois, E., Hoarau, M.G., Gadenne, J., Hoarau, E., Jaquemet, S., Whitmarsh, S.K. and Huveneers, C., 2020. Variable response to electric shark deterrents in bull sharks, Carcharhinus leucas.�Scientific reports,�10(1), pp.1-13. |
Electronic Shark Defense System | 2019 | Egeberg, C.A., Kempster, R.M., Hart, N.S., Ryan, L., Chapuis, L., Kerr, C.C., Schmidt, C., Gennari, E., Yopak, K.E. and Collin, S.P., 2019. Not all electric shark deterrents are made equal: Effects of a commercial electric anklet deterrent on white shark behaviour.�PLoS one,�14(3). |
Freedom Surf+ | 2018 | Huveneers, C., Whitmarsh, S., Thiele, M., Meyer, L., Fox, A. and Bradshaw, C.J., 2018. Effectiveness of five personal shark-bite deterrents for surfers.�PeerJ,�6, p.e5554. |
Rpela V1 | 2018 | Huveneers, C., Whitmarsh, S., Thiele, M., Meyer, L., Fox, A. and Bradshaw, C.J., 2018. Effectiveness of five personal shark-bite deterrents for surfers.�PeerJ,�6, p.e5554. |
Sharkbanz Magnet Leash | 2018 | Huveneers, C., Whitmarsh, S., Thiele, M., Meyer, L., Fox, A. and Bradshaw, C.J., 2018. Effectiveness of five personal shark-bite deterrents for surfers.�PeerJ,�6, p.e5554. |
Chillax Wax | 2018 | Huveneers, C., Whitmarsh, S., Thiele, M., Meyer, L., Fox, A. and Bradshaw, C.J., 2018. Effectiveness of five personal shark-bite deterrents for surfers.�PeerJ,�6, p.e5554. |
Sharkbanz Magnet Band | 2018 | Huveneers, C., Whitmarsh, S., Thiele, M., Meyer, L., Fox, A. and Bradshaw, C.J., 2018. Effectiveness of five personal shark-bite deterrents for surfers.�PeerJ,�6, p.e5554. |
Shark Shield Freedom7 | 2016 | Kempster, R.M., Egeberg, C.A., Hart, N.S., Ryan, L., Chapuis, L., Kerr, C.C., Schmidt, C., Huveneers, C., Gennari, E., Yopak, K.E. and Meeuwig, J.J., 2016. How close is too close? The effect of a non-lethal electric shark deterrent on white shark behaviour. PLoS One, 11(7). |
Shark Shield Freedom7 | 2013 | Huveneers, C., Rogers, P.J., Semmens, J.M., Beckmann, C., Kock, A.A., Page, B. and Goldsworthy, S.D., 2013. Effects of an electric field on white sharks: in situ testing of an electric deterrent.�PloS one,�8(5). |
C8 Barium-Ferrite (empirically, BaFe12O19) permanent magnets | 2010 | O'Connell, C. P., et al. (2010). "Responses of the southern stingray (Dasyatis americana) and the nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum) to permanent magnets." Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 43(1): 63-73. |
Various voltage thresholds | 2008 | Marcotte, M.M. and Lowe, C.G., 2008. Behavioral responses of two species of sharks to pulsed, direct current electrical fields: testing a potential shark deterrent. Marine Technology Society Journal, 42(2), pp.53-61. |
SharkPOD | 2003 | Smit, C.E. and Peddemors, V., 2003. Estimating the probability of a shark attack when using an electric repellent: applications.�South African Statistical Journal,�37(1), pp.59-78. |
Alkyl sulfate surfactants (12-carbon hydrophobic chain of SDS) | 2001 | Sisneros, J. A. and D. R. Nelson (2001). "Surfactants as chemical shark repellents: past, present, and future." Environmental Biology of Fishes 60(1-3): 117-130. |
Rotenone | 1991 | Smith Jr, L. J. (1991). "The effectiveness of sodium lauryl sulphate as a shark repellent in a laboratory test situation." Journal of Fish Biology 38(1): 105-113. |
Sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) | 1991 | Smith Jr, L. J. (1991). "The effectiveness of sodium lauryl sulphate as a shark repellent in a laboratory test situation." Journal of Fish Biology 38(1): 105-113. |
Cupric acetate | 1991 | Smith Jr, L. J. (1991). "The effectiveness of sodium lauryl sulphate as a shark repellent in a laboratory test situation." Journal of Fish Biology 38(1): 105-113. |
Infant Flotation Device | 1971 | McFadden, E. B. (1971). "PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF SHARK-DETERRENT TESTING." FAA-AM(78). |
Types of area mitigation studied
Mitigation name | Year published | Reference |
|---|---|---|
Shark Meshing (Bather Protection) Program NSW | 2024 | Huveneers, C., Blount, C., Bradshaw, C.J., Butcher, P.A., Smith, M.P.L., Macbeth, W.G., McPhee, D.P., Moltschaniwskyj, N., Peddemors, V.M. and Green, M., 2024. Shifts in the incidence of shark bites and efficacy of beach-focussed mitigation in Australia. Marine pollution bulletin, 198, p.115855. |
SMART drumlines | 2022 | SMART Drumlines Ineffective in Catching White Sharks in the High Energy Capes Region of Western Australia: Acoustic Detections Confirm That Sharks Are Not Always Amenable to Capture |
Eco-friendly Exclusion barrier | 2022 | O'Connell, C.P., Crews, J., King, A. and Gressle, J., 2022. Evaluating the Shark Deterrent Effects of the Novel Exclusion Barrier in Comparison to the Rigorously Tested Sharksafe Barrier Technology. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10(5), p.634. |
Eco-friendly Exclusion barrier | 2022 | O�Connell, C.P., Crews, J., King, A. and Gressle, J., 2022. Evaluating the Shark Deterrent Effects of the Novel Exclusion Barrier in Comparison to the Rigorously Tested Sharksafe Barrier Technology.�Journal of Marine Science and Engineering,�10(5), p.634. |
DC 12 Volts 180 Newtons electromagnets | 2022 | O�Connell, C.P., Crews, J., King, A. and Gressle, J., 2022. Evaluating the Shark Deterrent Effects of the Novel Exclusion Barrier in Comparison to the Rigorously Tested Sharksafe Barrier Technology.�Journal of Marine Science and Engineering,�10(5), p.634. |
DC 12 Volts 180 Newtons electromagnets | 2022 | O'Connell, C.P., Crews, J., King, A. and Gressle, J., 2022. Evaluating the Shark Deterrent Effects of the Novel Exclusion Barrier in Comparison to the Rigorously Tested Sharksafe Barrier Technology. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10(5), p.634. |
SMART drumlines | 2022 | SMART Drumlines Ineffective in Catching White Sharks in the High Energy Capes Region of Western Australia: Acoustic Detections Confirm That Sharks Are Not Always Amenable to Capture |
VR4G | 2020 | Colefax, A. P., et al. (2020). "Comparing distributions of white, bull, and tiger sharks near and away from the surf break using three tech-based methods." Ocean & Coastal Management 198: 105366. |
Multirotor drone (DJI Inspire 1) - real time observer | 2020 | Butcher, P. A. et al. Beach safety: can drones provide a platform for sighting sharks? Wildlife Research 46, 701-712 (2020). |
SMART drumlines | 2020 | Guyomard, D., et al. (2020). "SMART drumlines at Reunion Island do not attract bull sharks Carcharhinus leucas into nearshore waters: Evidence from acoustic monitoring." Fisheries Research 225. |
Drone | 2020 | Colefax, A. P., et al. (2020). "Comparing distributions of white, bull, and tiger sharks near and away from the surf break using three tech-based methods." Ocean & Coastal Management 198: 105366. |
Multirotor drone (DJI Inspire 1) - lab observer | 2020 | Butcher, P. A. et al. Beach safety: can drones provide a platform for sighting sharks? Wildlife Research 46, 701-712 (2020). |
Blimp-mounted camera system (DJI Phantom 3 Advanced) | 2020 | Adams, K.R., Gibbs, L., Knott, N.A., Broad, A., Hing, M., Taylor, M.D. and Davis, A.R., 2020. Coexisting with sharks: a novel, socially acceptable and non-lethal shark mitigation approach.�Scientific reports,�10(1), pp.1-12. |
Sharkeye blimp (Project Aerial Inflatable Remote Shark Human Interaction Prevention) | 2020 | Gorkin III, R., Adams, K., Berryman, M.J., Aubin, S., Li, W., Davis, A.R. and Barthelemy, J., 2020. Sharkeye: real-time autonomous personal shark alerting via aerial surveillance. Drones, 4(2), p.18. |
Shark Meshing (Bather Protection) Program NSW | 2020 | Gibbs, L., Fetterplace, L., Rees, M. and Hanich, Q., 2020. Effects and effectiveness of lethal shark hazard management: The Shark Meshing (Bather Protection) Program, NSW, Australia.�People and Nature,�2(1), pp.189-203. |
Multirotor drone (DJI Inspire 1) - lab observer | 2020 | Butcher, P. A. et al. Beach safety: can drones provide a platform for sighting sharks? Wildlife Research 46, 701-712 (2020). |
Multirotor drone (DJI Inspire 1) - real time observer | 2020 | Butcher, P. A. et al. Beach safety: can drones provide a platform for sighting sharks? Wildlife Research 46, 701-712 (2020). |
Shark Meshing (Bather Protection) Program NSW | 2020 | Gibbs, L., Fetterplace, L., Rees, M. and Hanich, Q., 2020. Effects and effectiveness of lethal shark hazard management: The Shark Meshing (Bather Protection) Program, NSW, Australia. People and Nature, 2(1), pp.189-203. |
SMART drumlines | 2020 | Guyomard, D., et al. (2020). "SMART drumlines at Reunion Island do not attract bull sharks Carcharhinus leucas into nearshore waters: Evidence from acoustic monitoring." Fisheries Research 225. |
Drone | 2020 | Colefax, A. P., et al. (2020). "Comparing distributions of white, bull, and tiger sharks near and away from the surf break using three tech-based methods." Ocean & Coastal Management 198: 105366. |
SMART drumlines | 2020 | Colefax, A. P., et al. (2020). "Comparing distributions of white, bull, and tiger sharks near and away from the surf break using three tech-based methods." Ocean & Coastal Management 198: 105366. |
Blimp-mounted camera system (DJI Phantom 3 Advanced) | 2020 | Adams, K.R., Gibbs, L., Knott, N.A., Broad, A., Hing, M., Taylor, M.D. and Davis, A.R., 2020. Coexisting with sharks: a novel, socially acceptable and non-lethal shark mitigation approach. Scientific reports, 10(1), pp.1-12. |
VR4G | 2020 | Colefax, A. P., et al. (2020). "Comparing distributions of white, bull, and tiger sharks near and away from the surf break using three tech-based methods." Ocean & Coastal Management 198: 105366. |
Sharkeye blimp (Project Aerial Inflatable Remote Shark-Human Interaction Prevention) | 2020 | Gorkin III, R., Adams, K., Berryman, M.J., Aubin, S., Li, W., Davis, A.R. and Barthelemy, J., 2020. Sharkeye: real-time autonomous personal shark alerting via aerial surveillance.�Drones,�4(2), p.18. |
SMART drumlines | 2020 | Colefax, A. P., et al. (2020). "Comparing distributions of white, bull, and tiger sharks near and away from the surf break using three tech-based methods." Ocean & Coastal Management 198: 105366. |
Multirotor drone (DJI Inspire I) | 2019 | Kelaher, B., Peddemors, V., Hoade, B., Colefax, A. and Butcher, P., 2019. Comparison of sampling precision for nearshore marine wildlife using unmanned and manned aerial surveys.�Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems, (ja). |
Helicopter (Robinson 44 Clipper II) | 2019 | Kelaher, B., Peddemors, V., Hoade, B., Colefax, A. and Butcher, P., 2019. Comparison of sampling precision for nearshore marine wildlife using unmanned and manned aerial surveys. Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems, (ja). |
Drone | 2019 | Colefax, A. P., et al. (2019). "Reliability of marine faunal detections in drone-based monitoring." Ocean & Coastal Management 174: 108-115. |
Multirotor drone (DJI Inspire I) | 2019 | Kelaher, B., Peddemors, V., Hoade, B., Colefax, A. and Butcher, P., 2019. Comparison of sampling precision for nearshore marine wildlife using unmanned and manned aerial surveys. Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems, (ja). |
Drone | 2019 | Colefax, A. P., et al. (2019). "Reliability of marine faunal detections in drone-based monitoring." Ocean & Coastal Management 174: 108-115. |
Helicopter (Robinson 44 Clipper II) | 2019 | Kelaher, B., Peddemors, V., Hoade, B., Colefax, A. and Butcher, P., 2019. Comparison of sampling precision for nearshore marine wildlife using unmanned and manned aerial surveys.�Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems, (ja). |
Sharksafe barrier | 2018 | O'Connell, C. P., et al. (2018). "Testing the exclusion capabilities and durability of the Sharksafe Barrier to determine its viability as an eco-friendly alternative to current shark culling methodologies." Aquatic Conservation-Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 28(1): 252-258. |
VGG_M | 2018 | Sharma, N., et al. (2018). Shark detection from aerial imagery using region-based CNN, a study. Australasian Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Springer. |
Visual Geometry Group (R-CNN) | 2018 | Sharma, N., et al. (2018). Shark detection from aerial imagery using region-based CNN, a study. Australasian Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Springer. |
VGG_M | 2018 | Sharma, N., et al. (2018). Shark detection from aerial imagery using region-based CNN, a study. Australasian Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Springer. |
Sharksafe barrier | 2018 | O'Connell, C. P., et al. (2018). "Testing the exclusion capabilities and durability of the Sharksafe Barrier to determine its viability as an eco-friendly alternative to current shark culling methodologies." Aquatic Conservation-Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 28(1): 252-258. |
Zeiler- Region-based Convolutional Neural Networks (ZF) | 2018 | Sharma, N., et al. (2018). Shark detection from aerial imagery using region-based CNN, a study. Australasian Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Springer. |
Visual Geometry Group (R-CNN) | 2018 | Sharma, N., et al. (2018). Shark detection from aerial imagery using region-based CNN, a study. Australasian Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Springer. |
Zeiler- Region-based Convolutional Neural Networks (ZF) | 2018 | Sharma, N., et al. (2018). Shark detection from aerial imagery using region-based CNN, a study. Australasian Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Springer. |
Trained Shark Spotters (sitting on mountains) with siren and flag warnings | 2017 | Engelbrecht, T., Kock, A., Waries, S. and O�Riain, M.J., 2017. Shark spotters: successfully reducing spatial overlap between white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) and recreational water users in False Bay, South Africa.�PloS one,�12(9). |
Trained Shark Spotters (sitting on mountains) with siren and flag warnings | 2017 | Engelbrecht, T., Kock, A., Waries, S. and ORiain, M.J., 2017. Shark spotters: successfully reducing spatial overlap between white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) and recreational water users in False Bay, South Africa. PloS one, 12(9). |
Drone with image identification | 2017 | Claveau, T. and C. E. Lin (2017). "Aerial Surveillance for Coast Safety to Shark Detection using Image Identification." Journal of Aeronautics Astronautics and Aviation 49(3): 251-265. |
Drone with image identification | 2017 | Claveau, T. and C. E. Lin (2017). "Aerial Surveillance for Coast Safety to Shark Detection using Image Identification." Journal of Aeronautics Astronautics and Aviation 49(3): 251-265. |
Sharksafe barrier | 2014 | O'Connell, C. P., et al. (2014). "Bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas) exclusion properties of the sharksafe barrier and behavioral validation using the ARIS technology." Global Ecology and Conservation 2: 300-314. |
Fish Hoek Exclusion net | 2014 | Davison, A., and Kock, A. 2014. Fish Hoek exclusion net evaluation report. In Shark Spotter Rep, pp. 3-66. Ed. by C. o. C. Town. |
Sharksafe barrier | 2014 | O'Connell, C.P., Andreotti, S., Rutzen, M., Me�er, M., Matthee, C.A. and He, P., 2014. Effects of the Sharksafe barrier on white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) behavior and its implications for future conservation technologies.�Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,�460, pp.37-46. |
Robinson R44 Clipper II helicopter | 2014 | Robbins, W.D., Peddemors, V.M., Kennelly, S.J. and Ives, M.C., 2014. Experimental evaluation of shark detection rates by aerial observers. PloS one, 9(2). |
Barium-ferrite (BaFe12O19) permanent magnets | 2014 | O'Connell, C. and P. He (2014). "A large scale field analysis examining the effect of magnetically-treated baits and barriers on teleost and elasmobranch behavior." Ocean & coastal management 96: 130-137. |
Cessna 182 fixed-wing aeroplane | 2014 | Robbins, W.D., Peddemors, V.M., Kennelly, S.J. and Ives, M.C., 2014. Experimental evaluation of shark detection rates by aerial observers. PloS one, 9(2). |
Bottom longlines and drumlines (translocation) | 2014 | Hazin, F.H. and Afonso, A.S., 2014. A green strategy for shark attack mitigation off R ecife, B razil. Animal Conservation, 17(4), pp.287-296. |
Bottom longlines and drumlines (translocation) | 2014 | Hazin, F.H. and Afonso, A.S., 2014. A green strategy for shark attack mitigation off R ecife, B razil.�Animal Conservation,�17(4), pp.287-296. |
C8 barium-ferrite (BaFe12O19) permanent magnets | 2014 | O'Connell, C. P., et al. (2014). "The use of permanent magnets to reduce elasmobranch encounter with a simulated beach net. 1. The bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas)." Ocean & coastal management 97: 12-19. |
Sharksafe barrier | 2014 | O'Connell, C.P., Andreotti, S., Rutzen, M., Meyer, M., Matthee, C.A. and He, P., 2014. Effects of the Sharksafe barrier on white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) behavior and its implications for future conservation technologies. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 460, pp.37-46. |
C8 barium-ferrite (BaFe12O19) permanent magnets | 2014 | O'Connell, C. P., et al. (2014). "The use of permanent magnets to reduce elasmobranch encounter with a simulated beach net. 1. The bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas)." Ocean & coastal management 97: 12-19. |
Sharksafe barrier | 2014 | O'Connell, C. P., et al. (2014). "Bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas) exclusion properties of the sharksafe barrier and behavioral validation using the ARIS technology." Global Ecology and Conservation 2: 300-314. |
Robinson R44 Clipper II helicopter | 2014 | Robbins, W.D., Peddemors, V.M., Kennelly, S.J. and Ives, M.C., 2014. Experimental evaluation of shark detection rates by aerial observers. PloS one, 9(2). |
Barium-ferrite (BaFe12O19) permanent magnets | 2014 | O'Connell, C. and P. He (2014). "A large scale field analysis examining the effect of magnetically-treated baits and barriers on teleost and elasmobranch behavior." Ocean & coastal management 96: 130-137. |
Fish Hoek Exclusion net | 2014 | Davison, A., and Kock, A. 2014. Fish Hoek exclusion net evaluation report. In Shark Spotter Rep, pp. 3-66. Ed. by C. o. C. Town. |
Cessna 182 fixed-wing aeroplane | 2014 | Robbins, W.D., Peddemors, V.M., Kennelly, S.J. and Ives, M.C., 2014. Experimental evaluation of shark detection rates by aerial observers. PloS one, 9(2). |
Shark spotters | 2012 | Kock, A., et al. (2012). "A pioneering shark safety program in cape town, South Africa." Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark, ed. ML Domeier (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press): 447-466. |
Shark spotters | 2012 | Kock, A., et al. (2012). "A pioneering shark safety program in cape town, South Africa." Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark, ed. ML Domeier (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press): 447-466. |
C8 barium-ferrite permanent magnet | 2011 | O'Connell, C.P., Abel, D.C., Gruber, S.H., Stroud, E.M. and Rice, P.H., 2011. Response of juvenile lemon sharks, Negaprion brevirostris, to a magnetic barrier simulating a beach net. Ocean & Coastal Management, 54(3), pp.225-230. |
Drumlines | 2011 | Sumpton, W. D., et al. (2011). "Gear selectivity of large-mesh nets and drumlines used to catch sharks in the Queensland Shark Control Program." African Journal of Marine Science 33(1): 37-43. |
Meshing | 2011 | Sumpton, W. D., et al. (2011). "Gear selectivity of large-mesh nets and drumlines used to catch sharks in the Queensland Shark Control Program." African Journal of Marine Science 33(1): 37-43. |
Meshing | 2011 | Sumpton, W. D., et al. (2011). "Gear selectivity of large-mesh nets and drumlines used to catch sharks in the Queensland Shark Control Program." African Journal of Marine Science 33(1): 37-43. |
Drumlines | 2011 | Sumpton, W. D., et al. (2011). "Gear selectivity of large-mesh nets and drumlines used to catch sharks in the Queensland Shark Control Program." African Journal of Marine Science 33(1): 37-43. |
C8 barium-ferrite permanent magnet | 2011 | O�Connell, C.P., Abel, D.C., Gruber, S.H., Stroud, E.M. and Rice, P.H., 2011. Response of juvenile lemon sharks, Negaprion brevirostris, to a magnetic barrier simulating a beach net.�Ocean & Coastal Management,�54(3), pp.225-230. |
Large-mesh (50-60cm stretched) gill nets | 1997 | Dudley, S. F. J. (1997). "A comparison of the shark control programs of New South Wales and Queensland (Australia) and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa)." Ocean & Coastal Management 34(1): 1-27. |
Large-mesh (50-60�cm stretched) gill nets | 1997 | Dudley, S. F. J. (1997). "A comparison of the shark control programs of New South Wales and Queensland (Australia) and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa)." Ocean & Coastal Management 34(1): 1-27. |
Baited drumlines | 1997 | Dudley, S. F. J. (1997). "A comparison of the shark control programs of New South Wales and Queensland (Australia) and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa)." Ocean & Coastal Management 34(1): 1-27. |
Baited drumlines | 1997 | Dudley, S. F. J. (1997). "A comparison of the shark control programs of New South Wales and Queensland (Australia) and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa)." Ocean & Coastal Management 34(1): 1-27. |
Longline | 1994 | Wetherbee, B. M., et al. (1994). "A review of shark control in Hawaii with recommendations for future research." |
Longline | 1994 | Wetherbee, B. M., et al. (1994). "A review of shark control in Hawaii with recommendations for future research." |
Anti shark cable (7 V/m) | 1974 | Smith, E. (1974). "Electro-physiology of the electrical shark-repellant." The Transactions of the Institute of Electrical Engineers 65(8): 1-20. |
Anti shark cable (7 V/m) | 1974 | Smith, E. (1974). "Electro-physiology of the electrical shark-repellant." The Transactions of the Institute of Electrical Engineers 65(8): 1-20. |
Types of area or personal mitigation studied
Title | Year published | Reference |
|---|---|---|
BOAT01 150V | 2022 | Riley, M., Bradshaw, C.J. and Huveneers, C., 2022. Long-range electric deterrents not as effective as personal deterrents for reducing risk of shark bite.�ICES Journal of Marine Science. |
N35 neodymium magnet | 2021 | Polpetta, M., Piva, F., Gridelli, S. and Bargnesi, F., 2021. Behavioural responses in the sand tiger shark (Carcharias taurus) to permanent magnets and pulsed magnetic fields.�Marine Biology Research,�17(1), pp.41-56. |
Pulsed magnetic fields (PMFs) | 2021 | Polpetta, M., Piva, F., Gridelli, S. and Bargnesi, F., 2021. Behavioural responses in the sand tiger shark (Carcharias taurus) to permanent magnets and pulsed magnetic fields.�Marine Biology Research,�17(1), pp.41-56. |
Orca sound | 2019 | Chapuis, L., et al. (2019). "The effect of underwater sounds on shark behaviour." Scientific reports 9(1): 1-11. |
Artificial sound | 2019 | Chapuis, L., et al. (2019). "The effect of underwater sounds on shark behaviour." Scientific reports 9(1): 1-11. |
Intense strobe light | 2018 | Ryan, L. A., et al. (2018). "Effects of auditory and visual stimuli on shark feeding behaviour: the disco effect." Marine Biology 165(1): 11. |
Loud, artificial sound | 2018 | Ryan, L. A., et al. (2018). "Effects of auditory and visual stimuli on shark feeding behaviour: the disco effect." Marine Biology 165(1): 11. |
Combination intense strobe light and loud, artificial sound | 2018 | Ryan, L. A., et al. (2018). "Effects of auditory and visual stimuli on shark feeding behaviour: the disco effect." Marine Biology 165(1): 11. |
Barium-ferrite (BaFe12O19) permanent magnets | 2015 | O'Connell, C. P., et al. (2015). "Effects of barium-ferrite permanent magnets on great hammerhead shark Sphyrna mokarran behavior and implications for future conservation technologies." Endangered Species Research 26(3): 243-256. |
C8 barium-ferrite (BaFe12O19) magnets | 2014 | O'Connell, C., et al. (2014). "Behavioral modification of visually deprived lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris) towards magnetic fields." Journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 453: 131-137. |
Putrefied shark tissue (necromone) | 2014 | Stroud, E.M., O'Connell, C.P., Rice, P.H., Snow, N.H., Barnes, B.B., Elshaer, M.R. and Hanson, J.E., 2014. Chemical shark repellent: Myth or fact? The effect of a shark necromone on shark feeding behavior.�Ocean & Coastal Management,�97, pp.50-57. |
Ultrasound | 1970 | Fishman, S. S. and A. L. Tester. 1970. Response of sharks to cavitating ultrasound at 20 KHz. Proc. Western Pharmacology Soc. 13:204-205. |
Types of injury reduction studied
Mitigation measure | Year published | Reference |
|---|---|---|
Aqua Armour (Kevlar fibre reinforced composite) | 2020 | Fiedler, T. and Verstegen, T., 2020. Fibre-Reinforced Composite for Protection against Shark Bites.�Materials,�13(22), p.5065. |
Kevlar lined neoprene | 2020 | Thiele, M., Mourier, J., Papastamatiou, Y., Ballesta, L., Chateauminois, E. and Huveneers, C., 2020. Response of blacktip reef sharks Carcharhinus melanopterus to shark bite mitigation products.�Scientific reports,�10(1), pp.1-12. |
SharkStop lined neoprene | 2019 | Whitmarsh, S.K., Amin, D.B., Costi, J.J., Dennis, J.D. and Huveneers, C., 2019. Effectiveness of novel fabrics to resist punctures and lacerations from white shark (Carcharodon carcharias): Implications to reduce injuries from shark bites.�PloS one,�14(11). |
ActionTX lined neoprene | 2019 | Whitmarsh, S.K., Amin, D.B., Costi, J.J., Dennis, J.D. and Huveneers, C., 2019. Effectiveness of novel fabrics to resist punctures and lacerations from white shark (Carcharodon carcharias): Implications to reduce injuries from shark bites.�PloS one,�14(11). |
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