Mitigation measure check list

Would you like to know if a particular product has been tested? See the lists below to find out. If you do not see the product here, it probably has not been scientifically tested and published.

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Types of personal mitigation studied

Mitigation name	Year published	Reference
Counterillumination	2024	Ryan, L.A., Gennari, E., Slip, D.J., Collin, S.P., Peddemors, V.M., Huveneers, C., Chapuis, L., Hemmi, J.M. and Hart, N.S., 2024. Counterillumination reduces bites by Great White sharks. Current Biology.
Freedom+ Surf	2024	Clarke, T.M., Barnett, A., Fitzpatrick, R., Ryan, L.A., Hart, N.S., Gauthier, A.R., Scott-Holland, T.B. and Huveneers, C., 2024. Personal electric deterrents can reduce shark bites from the three species responsible for the most fatal interactions. Scientific Reports, 14(1), p.16307.
Freedom7	2024	Clarke, T.M., Barnett, A., Fitzpatrick, R., Ryan, L.A., Hart, N.S., Gauthier, A.R., Scott-Holland, T.B. and Huveneers, C., 2024. Personal electric deterrents can reduce shark bites from the three species responsible for the most fatal interactions. Scientific Reports, 14(1), p.16307.
Rpela V2	2021	Blount, C., Pygas, D., Lincoln Smith, M.P., McPhee, D.P., Bignell, C. and Ramsey, O., 2021. Effectiveness Against White Sharks of the Rpela Personal Shark Deterrent Device Designed for Surfers.�Journal of Marine Science and Technology,�29(4), p.13.
Eye contact	2021	Ritter, E.K. and Amin, R., 2021. Does the interruption of eye contact between humans and Caribbean reef sharks, Carcharhinus perezi, influence the sharks� approach patterns?.�Journal of Ecotourism,�20(3), pp.270-281.
Freedom+ Surf	2020	Gauthier, A.R.G., Chateauminois, E., Hoarau, M.G., Gadenne, J., Hoarau, E., Jaquemet, S., Whitmarsh, S.K. and Huveneers, C., 2020. Variable response to electric shark deterrents in bull sharks, Carcharhinus leucas.�Scientific reports,�10(1), pp.1-13.
Scuba 7	2020	Thiele, M., Mourier, J., Papastamatiou, Y., Ballesta, L., Chateauminois, E. and Huveneers, C., 2020. Response of blacktip reef sharks Carcharhinus melanopterus to shark bite mitigation products.�Scientific reports,�10(1), pp.1-12.
NoShark	2020	Gauthier, A.R.G., Chateauminois, E., Hoarau, M.G., Gadenne, J., Hoarau, E., Jaquemet, S., Whitmarsh, S.K. and Huveneers, C., 2020. Variable response to electric shark deterrents in bull sharks, Carcharhinus leucas.�Scientific reports,�10(1), pp.1-13.
Freedom+ Surf shortboard	2020	Gauthier, A.R.G., Chateauminois, E., Hoarau, M.G., Gadenne, J., Hoarau, E., Jaquemet, S., Whitmarsh, S.K. and Huveneers, C., 2020. Variable response to electric shark deterrents in bull sharks, Carcharhinus leucas.�Scientific reports,�10(1), pp.1-13.
Rpela V2	2020	Gauthier, A.R.G., Chateauminois, E., Hoarau, M.G., Gadenne, J., Hoarau, E., Jaquemet, S., Whitmarsh, S.K. and Huveneers, C., 2020. Variable response to electric shark deterrents in bull sharks, Carcharhinus leucas.�Scientific reports,�10(1), pp.1-13.
E-Shark Force	2020	Gauthier, A.R.G., Chateauminois, E., Hoarau, M.G., Gadenne, J., Hoarau, E., Jaquemet, S., Whitmarsh, S.K. and Huveneers, C., 2020. Variable response to electric shark deterrents in bull sharks, Carcharhinus leucas.�Scientific reports,�10(1), pp.1-13.
Electronic Shark Defense System	2019	Egeberg, C.A., Kempster, R.M., Hart, N.S., Ryan, L., Chapuis, L., Kerr, C.C., Schmidt, C., Gennari, E., Yopak, K.E. and Collin, S.P., 2019. Not all electric shark deterrents are made equal: Effects of a commercial electric anklet deterrent on white shark behaviour.�PLoS one,�14(3).

Types of area mitigation studied

Mitigation name	Year published	Reference
Shark Meshing (Bather Protection) Program NSW	2024	Huveneers, C., Blount, C., Bradshaw, C.J., Butcher, P.A., Smith, M.P.L., Macbeth, W.G., McPhee, D.P., Moltschaniwskyj, N., Peddemors, V.M. and Green, M., 2024. Shifts in the incidence of shark bites and efficacy of beach-focussed mitigation in Australia. Marine pollution bulletin, 198, p.115855.
SMART drumlines	2022	SMART Drumlines Ineffective in Catching White Sharks in the High Energy Capes Region of Western Australia: Acoustic Detections Confirm That Sharks Are Not Always Amenable to Capture
Eco-friendly Exclusion barrier	2022	O'Connell, C.P., Crews, J., King, A. and Gressle, J., 2022. Evaluating the Shark Deterrent Effects of the Novel Exclusion Barrier in Comparison to the Rigorously Tested Sharksafe Barrier Technology. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10(5), p.634.
Eco-friendly Exclusion barrier	2022	O�Connell, C.P., Crews, J., King, A. and Gressle, J., 2022. Evaluating the Shark Deterrent Effects of the Novel Exclusion Barrier in Comparison to the Rigorously Tested Sharksafe Barrier Technology.�Journal of Marine Science and Engineering,�10(5), p.634.
DC 12 Volts 180 Newtons electromagnets	2022	O�Connell, C.P., Crews, J., King, A. and Gressle, J., 2022. Evaluating the Shark Deterrent Effects of the Novel Exclusion Barrier in Comparison to the Rigorously Tested Sharksafe Barrier Technology.�Journal of Marine Science and Engineering,�10(5), p.634.
DC 12 Volts 180 Newtons electromagnets	2022	O'Connell, C.P., Crews, J., King, A. and Gressle, J., 2022. Evaluating the Shark Deterrent Effects of the Novel Exclusion Barrier in Comparison to the Rigorously Tested Sharksafe Barrier Technology. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10(5), p.634.
SMART drumlines	2022	SMART Drumlines Ineffective in Catching White Sharks in the High Energy Capes Region of Western Australia: Acoustic Detections Confirm That Sharks Are Not Always Amenable to Capture
VR4G	2020	Colefax, A. P., et al. (2020). "Comparing distributions of white, bull, and tiger sharks near and away from the surf break using three tech-based methods." Ocean & Coastal Management 198: 105366.
Multirotor drone (DJI Inspire 1) - real time observer	2020	Butcher, P. A. et al. Beach safety: can drones provide a platform for sighting sharks? Wildlife Research 46, 701-712 (2020).
SMART drumlines	2020	Guyomard, D., et al. (2020). "SMART drumlines at Reunion Island do not attract bull sharks Carcharhinus leucas into nearshore waters: Evidence from acoustic monitoring." Fisheries Research 225.
Drone	2020	Colefax, A. P., et al. (2020). "Comparing distributions of white, bull, and tiger sharks near and away from the surf break using three tech-based methods." Ocean & Coastal Management 198: 105366.
Multirotor drone (DJI Inspire 1) - lab observer	2020	Butcher, P. A. et al. Beach safety: can drones provide a platform for sighting sharks? Wildlife Research 46, 701-712 (2020).

Types of area or personal mitigation studied

Title	Year published	Reference
BOAT01 150V	2022	Riley, M., Bradshaw, C.J. and Huveneers, C., 2022. Long-range electric deterrents not as effective as personal deterrents for reducing risk of shark bite.�ICES Journal of Marine Science.
N35 neodymium magnet	2021	Polpetta, M., Piva, F., Gridelli, S. and Bargnesi, F., 2021. Behavioural responses in the sand tiger shark (Carcharias taurus) to permanent magnets and pulsed magnetic fields.�Marine Biology Research,�17(1), pp.41-56.
Pulsed magnetic fields (PMFs)	2021	Polpetta, M., Piva, F., Gridelli, S. and Bargnesi, F., 2021. Behavioural responses in the sand tiger shark (Carcharias taurus) to permanent magnets and pulsed magnetic fields.�Marine Biology Research,�17(1), pp.41-56.
Orca sound	2019	Chapuis, L., et al. (2019). "The effect of underwater sounds on shark behaviour." Scientific reports 9(1): 1-11.
Artificial sound	2019	Chapuis, L., et al. (2019). "The effect of underwater sounds on shark behaviour." Scientific reports 9(1): 1-11.
Intense strobe light	2018	Ryan, L. A., et al. (2018). "Effects of auditory and visual stimuli on shark feeding behaviour: the disco effect." Marine Biology 165(1): 11.
Loud, artificial sound	2018	Ryan, L. A., et al. (2018). "Effects of auditory and visual stimuli on shark feeding behaviour: the disco effect." Marine Biology 165(1): 11.
Combination intense strobe light and loud, artificial sound	2018	Ryan, L. A., et al. (2018). "Effects of auditory and visual stimuli on shark feeding behaviour: the disco effect." Marine Biology 165(1): 11.
Barium-ferrite (BaFe12O19) permanent magnets	2015	O'Connell, C. P., et al. (2015). "Effects of barium-ferrite permanent magnets on great hammerhead shark Sphyrna mokarran behavior and implications for future conservation technologies." Endangered Species Research 26(3): 243-256.
C8 barium-ferrite (BaFe12O19) magnets	2014	O'Connell, C., et al. (2014). "Behavioral modification of visually deprived lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris) towards magnetic fields." Journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 453: 131-137.
Putrefied shark tissue (necromone)	2014	Stroud, E.M., O'Connell, C.P., Rice, P.H., Snow, N.H., Barnes, B.B., Elshaer, M.R. and Hanson, J.E., 2014. Chemical shark repellent: Myth or fact? The effect of a shark necromone on shark feeding behavior.�Ocean & Coastal Management,�97, pp.50-57.
Ultrasound	1970	Fishman, S. S. and A. L. Tester. 1970. Response of sharks to cavitating ultrasound at 20 KHz. Proc. Western Pharmacology Soc. 13:204-205.

Types of injury reduction studied

Mitigation measure	Year published	Reference
Aqua Armour	2025	Clarke, T.M., Butcher, P.A., Green, M., Whitelaw, J., Meyer, L. and Huveneers, C., 2025. Effectiveness of bite-resistant materials to reduce injuries from white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) and tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) bites. Wildlife Research, 52(10)
Shark Stop	2025	Clarke, T.M., Butcher, P.A., Green, M., Whitelaw, J., Meyer, L. and Huveneers, C., 2025. Effectiveness of bite-resistant materials to reduce injuries from white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) and tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) bites. Wildlife Research, 52(10)
ActionTX-S	2025	Clarke, T.M., Butcher, P.A., Green, M., Whitelaw, J., Meyer, L. and Huveneers, C., 2025. Effectiveness of bite-resistant materials to reduce injuries from white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) and tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) bites. Wildlife Research, 52(10)
Brewster material	2025	Clarke, T.M., Butcher, P.A., Green, M., Whitelaw, J., Meyer, L. and Huveneers, C., 2025. Effectiveness of bite-resistant materials to reduce injuries from white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) and tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) bites. Wildlife Research, 52(10)
Aqua Armour (Kevlar fibre reinforced composite)	2020	Fiedler, T. and Verstegen, T., 2020. Fibre-Reinforced Composite for Protection against Shark Bites.�Materials,�13(22), p.5065.
Kevlar lined neoprene	2020	Thiele, M., Mourier, J., Papastamatiou, Y., Ballesta, L., Chateauminois, E. and Huveneers, C., 2020. Response of blacktip reef sharks Carcharhinus melanopterus to shark bite mitigation products.�Scientific reports,�10(1), pp.1-12.
SharkStop lined neoprene	2019	Whitmarsh, S.K., Amin, D.B., Costi, J.J., Dennis, J.D. and Huveneers, C., 2019. Effectiveness of novel fabrics to resist punctures and lacerations from white shark (Carcharodon carcharias): Implications to reduce injuries from shark bites.�PloS one,�14(11).
ActionTX lined neoprene	2019	Whitmarsh, S.K., Amin, D.B., Costi, J.J., Dennis, J.D. and Huveneers, C., 2019. Effectiveness of novel fabrics to resist punctures and lacerations from white shark (Carcharodon carcharias): Implications to reduce injuries from shark bites.�PloS one,�14(11).